NaN in Programming: Why It Happens and How to Fix It

Why this matters to you

Think of the Google SERPs as the front window of your store on the busiest street in town. They’re not just a place to be visible — they’re the primary route people take to find what you offer. In fact, Google SERPs are the primary gateway for organic search traffic. If your pages show up higher, more people see, click, and convert. Even small rank moves can change your traffic and revenue in a meaningful way: small rank changes can meaningfully affect visits and conversions.

What this guide will deliver

But where do you start? This how‑to is written to get you working on real improvements today. This how‑to will give you practical steps: pick a tool, set up monitoring, read key metrics, and run focused fixes and tests to improve rankings. No fluff. Just a clear sequence that takes you from data to action.

Tools that matter (and why)

You don’t need every tool under the sun — you need the right one for the job. Here’s a quick map so you know what each tool brings:

  • Google Search Console — your direct line to Google’s data. Use it first for click, impression, and index coverage insights.
  • SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz — competitive research, keyword tracking, and backlink analysis. Great for seeing where you stand compared to others.
  • Mangools (SERPWatcher) — simpler, user-friendly rank tracking if you want a quick start without complexity.
  • BrightEdge — enterprise-level insights and workflow if you need scale and content performance management.
  • Screaming Frog — a site crawler that finds technical issues fast, like broken links and duplicate tags.

What you’ll learn to do

You’ll leave this section with a clear, repeatable process:

  • Pick a tool (or two) that fit your needs and budget.
  • Set up monitoring so you get timely alerts, not surprises.
  • Read the key metrics that actually move the needle: impressions, clicks, CTR, average position, and crawl/index health.
  • Run focused fixes and A/B tests aimed at the pages that matter most.

Why this approach works for you

I’m not asking you to guess. You’ll learn to use data to prioritize fixes where the ROI is highest — think of it as triage for your site. Small changes to the right pages can deliver outsized gains. This is hands-on SEO: pick one problem, test a fix, measure results, repeat.

Ready to get practical?

Next, I’ll show you how to choose between tools, set up tracking in Google Search Console and a rank tracker like SEMush, Ahrefs, Moz, or Mangools (SERPWatcher), and run a quick crawl with Screaming Frog to find the low-hanging wins. You’ll finish with a prioritized list of fixes and simple tests you can run this week.

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Why care about the difference? Because each tool answers a different question. One tells you what the battlefield looks like right now, another tells you where you stand this minute, and the third shows whether you’re trending up or nose-diving. Knowing which is which saves you time and helps you act on the right signal.

Bold basics first

  • SERP analyzer: maps the current SERP layout and features (e.g., featured snippets, local packs, knowledge panels) to show why some pages outrank others.
  • SERP checker: gives on‑demand position checks.
  • SERP tracker: records rank history over time (by keyword, location, device) so you can spot trends and drops.

SERP analyzer — the scene inspector
Think of a SERP analyzer like your scout: it surveys the search results and catalogs everything that matters. It doesn’t just list who’s #1; it maps SERP features (featured snippets, local packs, knowledge panels, people-also-ask, image packs) and shows how those features change the playing field. That mapping is where you learn why a page with fewer links can beat a page with more—because the SERP is stacked toward a particular format.

Why this matters for you:

  • Identify which SERP feature you should target (e.g., snippets vs. local pack).
  • Understand on‑page and format gaps that block your visibility.
    Tools that help: SEMrush and Ahrefs both provide strong SERP feature reports; BrightEdge shines at enterprise-level SERP analysis. Moz and Screaming Frog can supplement this by highlighting on‑page issues for pages that appear in those features.

SERP checker — the instant thermometer
A SERP checker is what you use when you need a quick read: “Where does my page rank for keyword X right now?” It’s on‑demand, one-off checks that are great for quick audits or validating a live change. Use these when you want to confirm an outcome from a recent tweak or PR lift.

Practical uses:

  • Quick validation after a page update or new backlink.
  • Spot-check rankings from a specific location or device.
    Tools that help: Many platforms (SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz) include one-off position checks. Google Search Console also gives immediate performance data for queries and pages—use it as a reality check against third-party checkers.

SERP tracker — the time machine for rankings
A SERP tracker keeps a rolling record. It’s built for trends: rank history by keyword, location, and device so you can spot gradual climbs, sudden drops, and seasonal patterns. This is the tool for measuring progress and diagnosing when something changed.

What you gain:

  • Early warning for drops (so you can investigate fast).
  • Long-term proof of ROI for SEO work.
  • Geo- and device-specific insights (mobile vs desktop shifts, local fluctuations).
    Tools that help: Mangools’ SERPWatcher is explicitly built for tracking. SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, and BrightEdge all provide robust tracking dashboards at different scales.

How they work together — a simple playbook

  • Start with a SERP analyzer to understand what the SERP wants for your target keywords.
  • Use a SERP checker to verify immediate changes after an experiment.
  • Rely on a SERP tracker to monitor the longer-term effects and catch regressions early.

Where the other tools fit in

  • Google Search Console: Not a classic tracker-checker-analyzer trio, but indispensable. It provides real user impressions, average position data, and query insights you can’t get elsewhere.
  • Screaming Frog: Not a SERP tool, but a technical crawler. Pair it with Search Console or any tracker to connect on‑page issues to ranking patterns.
  • SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz: Offer all‑in‑one features across analysis, on‑demand checks, and tracking—handy for most teams.
  • BrightEdge: Targets enterprise needs with deep SERP and content insights.

So what should you do next?
Pick one analyzer, one checker (or a platform that does both), and one tracker. Use the analyzer to set an action plan, validate with the checker, and measure with the tracker. That combination keeps your work focused and your results measurable—so you spend less time guessing and more time improving.

Choosing the right SERP analyzer is not about picking the fanciest brand — it’s about matching capabilities to the outcomes you actually need. Which questions do you want answered? Are you tracking local rankings, diagnosing drops, or building monthly executive reports? Answer that first, then match features and price.

Core factors to compare (and why they matter)

  • Localization granularity — Can the tool check rankings by city, ZIP, or GPS coordinates? If you sell locally, fine-grained localization matters. For national campaigns, regional or country-level checks may be enough.
  • Device emulation — Does it emulate mobile, desktop, and specific devices? Mobile vs desktop rank differences are common; you want a checker that mirrors how your users search.
  • Update frequency — Are rankings updated daily, hourly, or weekly? Fast-moving niches need higher update cadence; steadier niches can tolerate less.
  • API access — Do you need automated exports or to feed data into dashboards? Good APIs save time and prevent manual work.
  • Data limits — How many tracked keywords, how many checks per month, and are there extra charges for more queries? Know the true cost once you scale.
  • Accuracy versus budget — Higher price usually buys broader SERP coverage, better localization emulation, and more frequent updates. But accuracy also depends on methodology and sample sizes; a cheaper tool can be perfectly fine for basic trend tracking.

Where common tools fit (practical summary)

  • All-in-one platforms: SEMrush, Ahrefs
    • Best when you want a single dashboard for keyword research, backlinks, site audits, and SERP tracking.
    • Offer solid localization, device options, frequent updates, and decent API access.
    • Good middle ground if you need breadth and don’t want to stitch multiple tools together.
  • Lighter / budget options: Mangools (SERPWatcher), Moz
    • Ideal for small teams or solo SEOs focused on core rank tracking and simple reports.
    • Easier learning curve and friendlier pricing, but expect limits in localization granularity, fewer concurrent checks, and lower API throughput.
    • Great for proving ROI before upgrading.
  • Enterprise: BrightEdge
    • Built for scale: advanced reporting, deep integrations with BI systems, and workflows for large teams.
    • Higher cost, but you gain centralized reporting and enterprise support — useful when multiple stakeholders need consistent, automated insights.
  • Google Search Console
    • Free and essential. Gives real query impressions, clicks, and device-level filters but is not a full SERP simulator.
    • Use GSC for real user performance and to validate trends from third-party trackers.
  • Screaming Frog
    • Not a SERP checker; it’s a technical crawler. Use it to pair on‑page issue findings with ranking data from your SERP tool.
    • Excellent for diagnosing why a drop happened after you see it in the rank tracker.

Practical decision checklist — pick a tool in 5 minutes

  1. Decide your primary goal: local visibility, enterprise reporting, or lightweight rank monitoring?
  2. Set must-haves: precise city-level checks? hourly updates? API for automation?
  3. Budget band: free, <$100/mo, $100–$400/mo, or enterprise budget?
  4. Match features: all-in-one for breadth (SEMrush/Ahrefs), lighter for budget (Mangools/Moz), enterprise for scale (BrightEdge).
  5. Trial and validate: run a 2–4 week trial with your core keywords and locations. Compare results to Google Search Console for sanity checking.

Combine smartly
You don’t need a single perfect tool. A common, practical setup: Google Search Console for truth data, an all-in-one (SEMrush or Ahrefs) for research and tracking, and Screaming Frog for technical fixes. Small teams can start with Mangools or Moz and add APIs or upgrades as needs grow.

What’s the next step?
Pick two tools that meet your must-haves, run parallel trials for a month, and compare results against Google Search Console. Focus on the measurements that move your KPIs — conversion, locality, or organic traffic — and choose the tool that gives those reliably without overpaying. You’ll know you chose well when the tool saves you time and reveals clear actions.

Why bother setting up SERP monitoring? Because you can’t fix what you don’t measure. Good monitoring tells you which queries move, which pages win, and where to spend effort for real business impact. But where do you start?

Choose a balanced keyword set

  • Include the full mix: brand, competitor, head terms, mid‑tail, and long‑tail. Each type tells you something different—brand shows reputation, competitors reveal threat vectors, head terms show broad visibility, mid‑tail points to opportunity, and long‑tail maps to intent.
  • Add pages and conversion queries: explicitly add the pages you care about and the queries that drive leads or sales. Tracking both the query and the landing page keeps SEO tied to revenue.
  • How many to track? Start with a manageable core (50–200 keywords) and expand. Prioritize by business impact: revenue‑linked queries first, then high‑traffic opportunities.
  • Where to pull ideas: use Google Search Console to extract real queries driving impressions and clicks; use SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, and Mangools (SERPWatcher) to expand keyword lists, check volumes and SERP features; use Screaming Frog to map your pages and match keywords to the right URLs. BrightEdge can help if you want page-level performance tied to broader site metrics.

Map keywords to pages and conversions

  • Don’t just track keywords—track pairs: keyword + target URL. That tells you whether an upward rank actually benefits the page that converts.
  • Use Screaming Frog to crawl your site, export canonical and meta data, then align URLs with tracked keywords. This prevents tracking generic queries that don’t point to your conversion pages.
  • Flag conversion queries: mark the queries that lead to forms, purchases, or signups so they get higher monitoring priority.

Set locations and devices based on your audience

  • Location granularity matters: if you serve local customers, set location at the city or postal‑code level. National or industry search patterns can hide local drops you’ll miss otherwise.
  • Pick devices wisely: track mobile separately from desktop. Many queries and SERP features differ by device, and mobile often behaves differently after design or speed changes.
  • Tools that help: Google Search Console already segments by country and device; rank tools like SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, Mangools, and BrightEdge let you configure city‑level geo and device filters for SERP tracking.

Choose monitoring frequency (and mind the cost)

  • Daily for volatile targets: use daily checks for high‑priority or rapidly changing situations—new content, paid campaigns, aggressive competitors, or trending topics.
  • Weekly for stable targets: for evergreen pages and low‑competition queries, weekly tracking is often enough to spot meaningful trends without noise.
  • Higher frequency costs more: more checks = higher fees in most tools. Balance need vs budget: only escalate frequency for the subset of keywords that justify it.
  • A sensible rule: start with weekly for your full set, then move the top 10–20% (the money keywords and conversion queries) to daily checks if volatility or risk demands it.

Practical setup steps you can use now

  1. Pull top queries and pages from Google Search Console.
  2. Crawl your site with Screaming Frog and export URL data.
  3. Expand and validate keyword ideas in SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, or Mangools (SERPWatcher)—tag intents and volumes.
  4. Define monitoring groups: “Conversion,” “Local priority,” “Competitor watch,” “Content test”.
  5. Set geo/device filters per group (city/postal for local, mobile vs desktop).
  6. Set frequency: weekly baseline, daily for the conversion and local priority groups.
  7. Configure alerts for rank drops beyond a threshold (e.g., -5 positions) or sudden visibility loss.

What’s in it for you?
You’ll stop reacting to noise and start acting on signals that move the business—more visits that matter, fewer surprises from competitors, and clearer ROI from SEO work. Ready to pick the first 20 keywords and map them to your highest‑value pages?

Why track SERP data at all? Because numbers without context are noise. The right metrics tell you whether a rank change will actually move traffic, whether an action you took helped or hurt, and where to focus your optimization next. But where do you start reading the data so it’s useful?

Essential metrics a SERP tracker should show

  • Current rank — The baseline: where a keyword currently sits. Use this to spot winners and laggards.
  • Rank change — Movement over your chosen window (day/week/month). Small wiggles are normal; sustained movement matters.
  • Search volume — How many people search for the keyword. A big rank jump on a tiny-volume term rarely moves the needle. Tools that surface this include SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, and Mangools (SERPWatcher).
  • Estimated traffic — Predicted clicks from the current position (often combines rank + CTR assumptions + volume). This translates rank into business impact. SEMrush, Ahrefs, and Moz provide these estimates; Google Search Console gives actual impressions and clicks you should compare against.
  • Visibility / share of SERP — A percentage view of how visible your site is across tracked keywords (sometimes called visibility score). This is useful for trend-level monitoring—BrightEdge and enterprise trackers emphasize this metric.
  • Presence of SERP features affecting click‑through — Whether the SERP shows a featured snippet, knowledge panel, local pack, images, or people-also-ask can drastically change CTR. SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, Mangools, and BrightEdge typically flag these; Google Search Console’s Search Appearance reports and Screaming Frog (via structured data checks) help explain why a page might be eligible.

What each metric tells you — and what to watch for

  • Current rank + search volume = expected opportunity. High rank on a high-volume keyword = big potential.
  • Rank change + estimated traffic = real impact. A five‑position gain on a low-volume term might be less important than a one‑position gain on a high-volume term that raises estimated traffic.
  • Visibility trends show site-wide health. Instead of reacting to single-keyword noise, use visibility to see if your collective footprint is rising or falling.
  • SERP features can steal clicks. If a featured snippet appears, your organic CTR can drop even if your rank stays constant. Track presence and consider targeting the snippet specifically.

How to read and interpret the data — practical tips

  • Compare page‑level vs keyword‑level movement. Ask: is one page losing many keywords, or is one keyword affecting many pages? Page-level drops usually point to on-page or technical issues; keyword-level drops are often competitive or intent shifts.
  • Watch for sudden drops tied to site changes. Did you deploy a template update, change robots/meta tags, or move content? Cross-check the timing of rank drops with deployment dates. Use Screaming Frog to crawl and confirm on-page changes and Google Search Console to check indexing and coverage issues.
  • Filter out seasonal patterns before acting. Look at year‑over‑year and multi-month averages. Some keywords have predictable seasonal swings; reacting to a seasonal dip as if it’s a permanent drop wastes effort.
  • Use rolling averages and thresholds. Smooth daily volatility with a 7‑ or 28‑day average and set actionable thresholds (e.g., >5 positions sustained for 14 days) before triggering a full audit.
  • Annotate and correlate. Add annotations for major actions (content publishes, migrations, link campaigns). Then correlate those notes with rank, traffic, and visibility changes using Google Search Console and your rank tracker of choice.
  • Check SERP features before assuming CTR changes. If impressions remain steady but clicks fall, a new SERP element likely diverted traffic. Tools like Ahrefs, SEMrush, Moz, Mangools, and BrightEdge report feature presence; Screaming Frog helps you validate structured data that could cause features.

Tool playbook — what to use for which insight

  • Google Search Console — Your source of truth for impressions, clicks, CTR, and index/coverage problems. Always cross-check estimated traffic against GSC’s real numbers.
  • SEMrush / Ahrefs / Moz / Mangools (SERPWatcher) — Use these for rank tracking, search volume, estimated traffic, and SERP feature detection. They’re faster for trend spotting and competitor comparisons.
  • BrightEdge — Useful when you need enterprise-level visibility/share reporting and deep reporting across many keywords at scale.
  • Screaming Frog — Not a rank tracker, but essential for auditing on-page changes, structured data, and technical issues that often explain sudden ranking movements.

A short, practical checklist to act on a ranking change

  1. Verify the change over a rolling 7–28 day average to filter noise.
  2. Check Google Search Console for clicks/impressions and index or coverage errors.
  3. Cross-reference with your rank tracker for SERP feature presence and estimated traffic loss.
  4. If it’s sudden, match the date to site changes and run a Screaming Frog crawl.
  5. If seasonal, compare year‑over‑year before making major interventions.

You don’t need perfect data—just the right signals. Focus on metrics that translate into traffic and business outcomes, confirm patterns across sources (GSC + a rank tracker + Screaming Frog), and only escalate when multiple indicators align. That’s how you turn SERP data into smart, prioritized action.

Why act on SERP insights? Because data without action is just noise. You’re trying to move rankings and traffic — not collect spreadsheets. Below is a clear, practical way to turn what tools show you into measurable wins.

Gather the right signals first

  • Google Search Console: your source for clicks, impressions, CTR, and pages with sudden drops. Use it to confirm real user impact.
  • SEMrush / Ahrefs / Moz / Mangools (SERPWatcher) / BrightEdge: use these for rank history, keyword difficulty, and competitor snapshots. They tell you where you sit and how you’ve trended.
  • Screaming Frog: crawl the site to find technical issues tied to drops (broken links, indexability, noindex, slow pages).

What to prioritize (and why)
Think of this like tuning a recipe: you only change one ingredient at a time so you can tell which change made it better.

Prioritize actions using these signals:

  • Refresh content: if a page is slipping but still relevant, update facts, add recent examples, and improve depth. Why? Freshness and completeness often regain lost rankings.
  • Optimize title/meta for CTR: pages with good rank but low CTR are easy win opportunities. A better title can boost clicks without waiting for ranking changes.
  • Target featured snippet structure: if a query often returns a snippet and you’re close in rank, reformat part of your page into a concise answer (bullet, numbered step, or short paragraph) to claim that real estate.
  • Fix technical issues flagged alongside rank drops: when a rank dip coincides with crawl errors, indexability issues, or site slowdowns — fix those first. Technical problems can wipe out ranking gains overnight.

Run hypothesis-driven tests, not guesses

  • Form a clear hypothesis. Example: “If we add a 40-word concise answer at the top of Page X, then Page X will move into the featured snippet for Query Y within 6 weeks.” Short, testable statements keep you honest.
  • Choose a test method:
    • A/B test (if you have enough traffic and can split users).
    • Iterative content changes (sequential updates and measure after each change).
  • Limit variables. Change the headline OR the first paragraph OR the H2 structure — not all three at once.

Measure outcomes correctly

  • Track rank history using SEMrush, Ahrefs, Mangools (SERPWatcher), Moz, or BrightEdge to see position movement over time.
  • Use Google Search Console for organic traffic signals — clicks and impressions — to confirm the real-world impact of ranking shifts.
  • Evaluate both together: a rank increase with no traffic change can mean CTR issues; traffic increase without rank change can mean better SERP features or improved snippets.

How to run a simple test workflow

  1. Identify a candidate page using GSC and a rank tool (rank close to #1 or showing a drop).
  2. Create a single, measurable hypothesis.
  3. Implement a single change (content refresh, title tweak, snippet-targeted section, or technical fix).
  4. Monitor rank daily/weekly in your rank tracker and check clicks/CTR in GSC weekly.
  5. Decide after a predefined window (4–8 weeks for content, 1–3 weeks for title/CTR tests) whether to keep, revert, or iterate.

Defend your wins and learn from failures

  • If a change improved rank and GSC clicks, document the exact edits and roll them out to similar pages.
  • If nothing changed, measure again for seasonality or larger algorithm shifts; then try a different hypothesis.
  • When a rank drop lines up with crawl or index issues found by Screaming Frog or flagged in GSC, treat the technical fix as high priority — it’s often the fastest path to recovery.

Tool handoffs: what to use when

  • Use Google Search Console for click-level proof.
  • Use SEMrush / Ahrefs / Mangools (SERPWatcher) / Moz / BrightEdge for rank history and competitive context.
  • Use Screaming Frog to validate and fix technical problems that might explain sudden drops.
  • Combine these insights to build your action plan and to justify tests to stakeholders.

Final thought: act like an experimenter, not a firefighter. Prioritize the changes that are easiest to test and most likely to move the needle (title/meta tweaks and focused content refreshes). Run clear hypotheses, measure with rank history and GSC organic traffic, and iterate based on what the data proves. You’ll stop guessing and start improving results.

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Conclusion

You’ve done the hard work of putting systems in place. Now make them repeatable. Below is a compact, practical wrap-up so you can keep watching the SERPs and turn what you learn into steady growth.

Quick checklist — get your monitoring running

  • Choose a tool. Pick one primary platform to be your source of truth and a secondary tool for verification. Options to consider: Google Search Console (official search data), SEMrush, Ahrefs, Moz, Mangools (SERPWatcher), BrightEdge, and Screaming Frog. Each has strengths; pick what you’ll actually use.
  • Define keyword / location / frequency. Be explicit: which keywords, which geo (city/country), and how often you’ll check (daily, weekly, monthly).
  • Set baselines. Record current rank, clicks, impressions, CTR, and conversion rate so you have something to compare against.
  • Track key metrics. Keep an eye on position, estimated traffic, clicks/impressions, CTR, and actual conversions. Watch anomalies as well as trends.
  • Run prioritized tests. Triage ideas by potential impact and ease of execution—then test the highest priority changes first.
  • Document results. Capture hypotheses, actions, dates, outcomes, and learnings so you can reuse what works and stop what doesn’t.

Why these items matter

  • Baselines give you a clear before/after — no guessing.
  • Defined frequency prevents noise from becoming panic.
  • Documentation turns one-off fixes into repeatable improvements.

Next steps — routine and alignment

  • Schedule regular reviews. Put reviews on the calendar (weekly for urgent sets, monthly for broader trends). Who owns the review? Make it explicit.
  • Align SEO experiments with business KPIs (traffic and conversions). Tie each test to a measurable business outcome: will this change drive more traffic or lift conversions? If not, deprioritize.
  • Scale monitoring as priorities change. When a campaign, product, or market becomes a priority, increase tracking density and add focused keyword groups or new geographic splits.

Practical starting moves (doable in a day)

  • Pick one tool and set up one project or property (eg. a domain in Google Search Console or a keyword list in SEMrush/Ahrefs/Mangools).
  • Choose 10 high-priority keywords, record baselines, and set a weekly check cadence.
  • Schedule a 30‑minute review meeting next week to interpret the first results and plan one test.

Keep it simple and iterative
Ask yourself: what one metric will tell me if this change worked? Run the smallest useful test, record what happened, and repeat. Over time, these disciplined checks add up to predictable SERP growth.

You’ve got a clear checklist and a path forward. Which tool will you set up today, and which 10 keywords will you baseline? Start there and build the habit.

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Questions & Answers

NaN stands for "Not a Number" and is a special floating-point value used to mark undefined or unrepresentable numeric results. Think of it like a broken compass in a calculation: it tells you the result can't be trusted. Why care? Once NaN appears, many calculations will propagate it unless you handle it explicitly.
NaN appears when you perform an undefined numeric operation—examples include 0/0, taking a square root of a negative number in real math, or failing to parse a string as a number. It can also come from uninitialized values or mixing incompatible types. The practical takeaway: NaN usually signals bad input or an edge case you didn’t guard for.
Use the language's built-in checks: in JavaScript prefer Number.isNaN(x) or test x !== x (only NaN is not equal to itself). In Python use math.isnan(x) or numpy.isnan for arrays; in Java use Double.isNaN(value). Want a quick rule of thumb? If a numeric check is available, use it rather than string tests or loose equality.
Start by validating and sanitizing inputs—check for empty strings, nonnumeric values, or zero denominators before doing math. Add guards (e.g., if denominator === 0) and fallbacks (default values or error handling). Unit-test edge cases and replace NaN-producing operations with safe alternatives or clamped values so calculations stay meaningful.
Prevent NaN by validating inputs early, parsing values with safe functions (and providing defaults), initializing numeric variables, and handling edge cases like empty or malformed data. Add assertions or tests for boundary conditions and log occurrences of NaN so you can fix root causes instead of papering over symptoms.
Infinity means a numeric result is beyond representable bounds or a nonzero divided by zero; it's still a number you can compare and reason about. NaN means the result is undefined or indeterminate and will usually break numeric logic (NaN !== NaN). In practice: handle Infinity with clamping or special rules, and treat NaN as a signal to sanitize inputs or change the calculation.